explicit-member-accessibility

Require explicit accessibility modifiers on class properties and methods.

🔧

Some problems reported by this rule are automatically fixable by the --fix ESLint command line option.

💡

Some problems reported by this rule are manually fixable by editor suggestions.

TypeScript allows placing explicit public, protected, and private accessibility modifiers in front of class members. The modifiers exist solely in the type system and just serve to describe who is allowed to access those members.

Leaving off accessibility modifiers makes for less code to read and write. Members are public by default.

However, adding in explicit accessibility modifiers can be helpful in codebases with many classes for enforcing proper privacy of members. Some developers also find it preferable for code readability to keep member publicity explicit.

Flat Config

eslint.config.mjs

export default tseslint.config({
  rules: {
    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": "error"
  }
});

Legacy Config

.eslintrc.cjs

module.exports = {
  "rules": {
    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": "error"
  }
};

Try this rule in the playground ↗

Examples

This rule aims to make code more readable and explicit about who can use which properties.

Options

This rule accepts the following options:

type AccessibilityLevel =
  /** Always require an accessor. */
  | 'explicit'
  /** Never check whether there is an accessor. */
  | 'off'
  /** Require an accessor except when public. */
  | 'no-public';

type Options = [
  {
    /** Which accessibility modifier is required to exist or not exist. */
    accessibility?: AccessibilityLevel;
    /** Specific method names that may be ignored. */
    ignoredMethodNames?: string[];
    /** Changes to required accessibility modifiers for specific kinds of class members. */
    overrides?: {
      accessors?: AccessibilityLevel;
      constructors?: AccessibilityLevel;
      methods?: AccessibilityLevel;
      parameterProperties?: AccessibilityLevel;
      properties?: AccessibilityLevel;
    };
  },
];

const defaultOptions: Options = [{ accessibility: 'explicit' }];

Configuring in a mixed JS/TS codebase

If you are working on a codebase within which you lint non-TypeScript code (i.e. .js/.mjs/.cjs/.jsx), you should ensure that you should use ESLint overrides to only enable the rule on .ts/.mts/.cts/.tsx files. If you don't, then you will get unfixable lint errors reported within .js/.mjs/.cjs/.jsx files.

{
  "rules": {
    // disable the rule for all files
    "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": "off",
  },
  "overrides": [
    {
      // enable the rule specifically for TypeScript files
      "files": ["*.ts", "*.mts", "*.cts", "*.tsx"],
      "rules": {
        "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": "error",
      },
    },
  ],
}

accessibility

Which accessibility modifier is required to exist or not exist. Default: "explicit".

This rule in its default state requires no configuration and will enforce that every class member has an accessibility modifier. If you would like to allow for some implicit public members then you have the following options:

{
  "accessibility": "explicit",
  "overrides": {
    "accessors": "explicit",
    "constructors": "no-public",
    "methods": "explicit",
    "properties": "off",
    "parameterProperties": "explicit",
  },
}

Note the above is an example of a possible configuration you could use - it is not the default configuration.

The following patterns are considered incorrect code if no options are provided:

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    // No accessibility modifier
    this.animalName = name;
  }
  animalName: string; // No accessibility modifier
  get name(): string {
    // No accessibility modifier
    return this.animalName;
  }
  set name(value: string) {
    // No accessibility modifier
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  walk() {
    // method
  }
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered correct with the default options { accessibility: 'explicit' }:

class Animal {
  public constructor(
    public breed,
    name,
  ) {
    // Parameter property and constructor
    this.animalName = name;
  }
  private animalName: string; // Property
  get name(): string {
    // get accessor
    return this.animalName;
  }
  set name(value: string) {
    // set accessor
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  public walk() {
    // method
  }
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered incorrect with the accessibility set to no-public [{ accessibility: 'no-public' }]:

class Animal {
  public constructor(
    public breed,
    name,
  ) {
    // Parameter property and constructor
    this.animalName = name;
  }
  public animalName: string; // Property
  public get name(): string {
    // get accessor
    return this.animalName;
  }
  public set name(value: string) {
    // set accessor
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  public walk() {
    // method
  }
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered correct with the accessibility set to no-public [{ accessibility: 'no-public' }]:

class Animal {
  constructor(
    protected breed,
    name,
  ) {
    // Parameter property and constructor
    this.name = name;
  }
  private animalName: string; // Property
  get name(): string {
    // get accessor
    return this.animalName;
  }
  private set name(value: string) {
    // set accessor
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  protected walk() {
    // method
  }
}

Open in Playground

overrides

Changes to required accessibility modifiers for specific kinds of class members.

There are three ways in which an override can be used.

• To disallow the use of public on a given member.
• To enforce explicit member accessibility when the root has allowed implicit public accessibility
• To disable any checks on given member type

Disallow the use of public on a given member

e.g. [ { overrides: { constructors: 'no-public' } } ]

The following patterns are considered incorrect with the example override

class Animal {
  public constructor(protected animalName) {}
  public get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered correct with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(protected animalName) {}
  public get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
}

Open in Playground

Require explicit accessibility for a given member

e.g. [ { accessibility: 'no-public', overrides: { properties: 'explicit' } } ]

The following patterns are considered incorrect with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(protected animalName) {}
  get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
  protected set name(value: string) {
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  legs: number;
  private hasFleas: boolean;
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered correct with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(protected animalName) {}
  get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
  protected set name(value: string) {
    this.animalName = value;
  }
  public legs: number;
  private hasFleas: boolean;
}

Open in Playground

e.g. [ { accessibility: 'off', overrides: { parameterProperties: 'explicit' } } ]

The following code is considered incorrect with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(readonly animalName: string) {}
}

Open in Playground

The following code patterns are considered correct with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(public readonly animalName: string) {}
}

class Animal {
  constructor(public animalName: string) {}
}

class Animal {
  constructor(animalName: string) {}
}

Open in Playground

e.g. [ { accessibility: 'off', overrides: { parameterProperties: 'no-public' } } ]

The following code is considered incorrect with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(public readonly animalName: string) {}
}

Open in Playground

The following code is considered correct with the example override

class Animal {
  constructor(public animalName: string) {}
}

Open in Playground

Disable any checks on given member type

e.g. [{ overrides: { accessors : 'off' } } ]

As no checks on the overridden member type are performed all permutations of visibility are permitted for that member type

The follow pattern is considered incorrect for the given configuration

class Animal {
  constructor(protected animalName) {}
  public get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
  get legs() {
    return this.legCount;
  }
}

Open in Playground

The following patterns are considered correct with the example override

class Animal {
  public constructor(protected animalName) {}
  public get name() {
    return this.animalName;
  }
  get legs() {
    return this.legCount;
  }
}

Open in Playground

ignoredMethodNames

Specific method names that may be ignored. Default: [].

Note that this option does not care about context, and will ignore every method with these names, which could lead to it missing some cases. You should use this sparingly. e.g. [ { ignoredMethodNames: ['specificMethod', 'whateverMethod'] } ]

class Animal {
  get specificMethod() {
    console.log('No error because you specified this method on option');
  }
  get whateverMethod() {
    console.log('No error because you specified this method on option');
  }
  public get otherMethod() {
    console.log('This method comply with this rule');
  }
}

Open in Playground

When Not To Use It

If you think defaulting to public is a good default, then you should consider using the no-public setting. If you want to mix implicit and explicit public members then you can disable this rule.

However, keep in mind that inconsistent style can harm readability in a project. We recommend picking a single option for this rule that works best for your project.

Further Reading

• TypeScript Accessibility Modifiers Handbook Docs

Resources

• Rule source
• Test source